当前页面位置: » 丰搜网 » 文档中心 » 详细内容
网友oracle学习笔记
自己虽有两年开发经验，但不注意总结，今天借花献佛
######### 创建数据库----look $oracle_home/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql #############
create database db01
maxlogfiles 10
maxdatafiles 1024
maxinstances 2
logfile
group 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') size 15m,
group 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') size 15m,
group 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') size 15m,
datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') size 100m,
undo tablespace undo
datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' size 40m
default temporary tablespace temp
tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' size 20m
extent management local uniform size 128k
character set al32ute8
national character set al16utf16
set time_zone='america/new_york';
############### 数据字典 ##########
set wrap off
select * from v$dba_users;
grant select on table_name to user/rule;
select * from user_tables;
select * from all_tables;
select * from dba_tables;
revoke dba from user_name;
shutdown immediate
startup nomount
select * from v$instance;
select * from v$sga;
select * from v$tablespace;
alter session set nls_language=american;
alter database mount;
select * from v$database;
alter database open;
desc dictionary
select * from dict;
desc v$fixed_table;
select * from v$fixed_table;
set oracle_sid=foxconn
select * from dba_objects;
set serveroutput on
execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd');
############# 控制文件 ###########
select * from v$database;
select * from v$tablespace;
select * from v$logfile;
select * from v$log;
select * from v$backup;
/*备份用户表空间*/
alter tablespace users begin backup;
select * from v$archived_log;
select * from v$controlfile;
alter system set control_files='$oracle_home/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl',
'$oracle_home/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile;
cp $oracle_home/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $oracle_home/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl
startup pfile='../initsid.ora'
select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ;
show parameter control;
select * from v$controlfile_record_section;
select * from v$tempfile;
/*备份控制文件*/
alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak';
/*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc 的文本文件*/
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
############### redo log ##############
archive log list;
alter system archive log start;--启动自动存档
alter system switch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch
alter system checkpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint
alter tablspace users begin backup;
alter tablespace offline;
/*checkpoint 同步频率参数fast_start_mttr_target,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/
show parameter fast;
show parameter log_checkpoint;
/*加入一个日志组*/
alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$oracle_home/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10m);
/*加入日志组的一个成员*/
alter database add logfile member '/$oracle_home/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3;
/*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/
alter database drop logfile group 3;
/*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/
alter databse drop logfile member '$oracle_home/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
/*清除在线日志*/
alter database clear logfile '$oracle_home/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo';
alter database clear logfile group 3;
/*清除非归档日志*/
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3;
/*重命名日志文件*/
alter database rename file '$oracle_home/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$oracle_home/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo';
show parameter db_create;
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name';
select * from v$log;
select * from v$logfile;
/*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;然后再打开数据库.*/
alter database noarchivelog/archivelog;
achive log start;---启动自动归档
alter system archive all;－－手工归档所有日志文件
select * from v$archived_log;
show parameter log_archive;
###### 分析日志文件logmnr ##############
1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 参数
2) 重新启动oracle
3) create 目录文件
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
dbms_logmnr_d.build;
4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile
dbms_logmnr.removefile
5) start logmnr
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr
6) 分析出来的内容查询 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo
实践：
desc dbms_logmnr_d;
/*对数据表做一些操作，为恢复操作做准备*/
update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380;
delete 表 where stor_id=7066;
/***********************************/
utl_file_dir的路径
execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$oracle_home/oracle/admin/fox/cdump');
execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$oracle_home/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile);
execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$oracle_home/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora');
######### tablespace ##############
select * form v$tablespace;
select * from v$datafile;
/*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/
select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#;
alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10m;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
/*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/
alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name;
create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)];
exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100m autoextend on next 5m maxsize 200m;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100m extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline;
/*9i以后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因为local采用bitmap管理表空间 ，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100m extent management local uniform size 1m;
create tablespace userdata datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100m extent management local autoallocate;
/*在创建表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/
create tablespace userdata datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100m extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto;
alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10;
alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20);
/*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */
create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40m extent management local;
show parameter undo;
/*temporary tablespace*/
create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$oracle_home/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local;
/*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name;
/*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online;
alter tablespace tablespace_name read only;
/*重命名用户表空间*/
alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$oracle_home/oradata/undo102.dbf';
/*重命名系统表空间 ,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/
alter database rename file '$oracle_home/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$oracle_home/oradata/system02.dbf';
drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce
/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/
alter database datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
/*resize datafile*/
alter database datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m;
/*给表空间扩展空间*/
alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m;
/*将表空间设置成omf状态*/
alter system set db_create_file_dest='$oracle_home/oradata';
create tablespace userdata;---use omf status to create tablespace;
drop tablespace userdata;---user omf status to drop tablespace;
select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files;
/*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/
alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name;
###### oracle storage structure and relationships #########
/*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/
alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/undo102.dbf');
alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区
show parameter db;
alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数
select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace;
select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace;
/*数据对象所占用的字节数*/
select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name';
############ undo data ################
show parameter undo;
alter tablespace users offline normal;
alter tablespace users offline immediate;
recover datafile '$oracle_home/oradata/undo102.dbf';
alter tablespace users online ;
select * from dba_rollback_segs;
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1;
/*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/
alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true;
/*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/
create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs;
desc dbms_flashback;
/*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/
execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-jan-04:12:17:00 pm');
execute dbms_flashback.disable;
/*回滚段的统计信息*/
select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat;
/*undo表空间的大小计算公式: undospace=[ur * (ups * dbs)] + (dbs * 24)
ur :undo_retention 保留的时间(秒)
ups :每秒的回滚数据块
dbs:系统extent和file size(也就是db_block_size)*/
select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction;
show parameter transactions;
show parameter rollback;
/*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/
create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs;
alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式
/*在手工管理模式中,initsid.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、
transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10
然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */
########## managing tables ###########
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes
rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits)
rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位
rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位
block#(块号)--22bits,6位
row#(行号)--16bits,3位
64进制: a-z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号
dbms_rowid 包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/
select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name;
create table test2
(
id int,
lname varchar2(20) not null,
fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'),
empdate date default sysdate)
) tablespace tablespace_name;
create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors;
create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40;
alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage
/*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...');
/*释放表中没有用到的空间*/
alter table table_name deallocate unused;
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k;
/*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name;
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users;
alter index index_name rebuild;
drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [cascade constraints checkpoint 1000];---drop column
/*给表中不用的列做标记*/
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
/*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/
alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
/*当在drop col是出现异常，使用continue，防止重删前面的column*/
alter table user.table_name drop columns continue checkpoint 1000;
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects;
######## managing indexes ##########
/*create index*/
example:
/*创建一般索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*创建位图索引*/
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*索引中不能用pctused*/
create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ;
/*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/
create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging;
/*创建反转索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse;
/*创建函数索引*/
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*建表时创建约束条件*/
create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name;
/*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/
show parameter create_bit;
/*改变索引的存储参数*/
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k);
/*给索引手工分配一个分区*/
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$oracle/oradata/..');
/*释放索引中没用的空间*/
alter index index_name deallocate unused;
/*索引重建*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name;
/*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse;
/*重建索引时，不锁表*/
alter index index_name rebuild online;
/*给索引整理碎片*/
alter index index_name coalesce;
/*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/
analyze index index_name validate structure;
desc index_state;
drop index index_name;
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视
/*有关索引信息的视图*/
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage;
